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Schyns.6___PPT9~/ 0zV[>?  O  =J"Greenhouse gas emissions trading  #"$Performance-based allocation for a faster, undistorted and effective global carbon market European Chemical Regions Network Seminar 13 February 2008 Brussels.PZCl'Faster realisation global carbon market ( n'Faster realisation global carbon market' This model is possible with global sectoral agreements Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)  improvements needed Same type of project receives different quantity of credits ( Certified Emission Reductions  CERs) in different nations From ambiguous baselines to benchmarks  growing list Globally linked markets essential  as fast as possible Developed regions: with guarantee of total cap Developing regions: transition, without guarantee of total cap EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and other emerging schemes must abandon demand of total cap for linking Relatively few sectors cover >/= 50% of total GHG emissions, e.g. electricity, steel, cement, refineries, paper and pulp, ceramics, glass, chemical industryo8n  788OX m)Existing and emerging GHG trading schemesEU ETS 2013: 45% EU GHG emissions, broad coverage of electricity and industry USA Western Climate Initiative (WCI): California + 6 US states & 2 Canadian provinces, broad coverage as well Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI): New York + 9 US states, covers only electricity Midwestern Climate Pact (MCP): 6 US states & Manitoba Other emerging schemes: Canada, Australia, New Zealand Japan so far reluctant for a mandatory schemejR.R.o"Cap & trade and allocation methodsbDefinition of cap & trade A cap & trade system is an emissions trading system where total emissions are limited or  capped (source: Point Carbon) Four main allocation methods TzzpVHistorical grandfathering  cap per companyLack of effectiveness & market distortions Lower emissions = fewer allowances in next period ( updating ) Distorts CO2-price signal Distorts market share competition, winners must buy allowances Efficient producers are to be encouraged to win market share Unsolvable dilemmas for new entrants and closures Closure rules enhance market concentration  esp. electricity Economic rents for electricity producers  windfall profits Example EU ETS 2008-2012: at 30/ton, 54 billion/year calculated At expense of citizen & EU industry  Leakage of emissions, lowering production and importing product is encouraged  called  equally legitimate !!! Canadian J.H. Dales 1968:  Pollution in one region must never be reduced by increasing pollution in another EU Commissioner Verheugen: we don t want  export of pollution and import of unemployment +ZZhZrZZ+J 7hr  q`Auctioning  ideal, but only if applied globallyNo problems with  updating , market share competition, no distortion of CO2-price signal Problems are  leakage , distortions and loss of competitiveness Border Adjustments (obligation for importers to buy allowances) not feasible (thousands of products of all value chains of steel, aluminium, chemicals, etc.) and opposed by EU Commissioner Mandelson (DG Trade), Germany, UK, USA, etc. With full auctioning for electricity as foreseen in EU 2013-2020 Price effect at 35/ton increases to 82 billion/year Windfall profits remain for nuclear & large hydro: 45 billion/year Logical in a global auctioning scheme, but with isolated auctioning loss of competitiveness industry, killer for aluminium, electrolysis, etc.V, J N, r+Performance-based allocation - benchmarkingNo problems with  updating , market share competition, no distortion of CO2-price signal, provided benchmarks (total CO2-emission per unit of product) are geared to product only, not to fuel, technology, age or size of production plants  then incentive same as auctioning Fuel-specific benchmarks support the cheaper fueled coal-fired power plants and not low carbon technologies Allocation with one electricity benchmark for fossil-fueled electricity related to actual production Eliminates the windfall profits Encourages CHP (Combined Heat & Power) first and coal with CCS (Carbon Capture & Storage) medium term  the market decides Problems of  leakage , loss of competitiveness only at very high CO2-prices, > 125-150/ton]J  C     sPerformance-based cap & tradeFGuarantee of total cap by adjusting the benchmark in the future when production was higher than forecasted Benchmarks of a running year are always fixed ex-ante, they are never adjusted afterwards (otherwise: unclear market) Novel method, see appendix how this works Lower electricity price could create higher demand (the  production subsidy argument), this is countered by a proper benchmark approach In a product benchmark the efficiency of all energy carriers is taken into account, i.e. CO2-emissions from fuel, heat (steam) and electricityk9,! [[ 3t\Historical grandfathering historical mistake(/ EU Commission came with a proposal for revised EU ETS Directive in January 2008, then co-decision EU Parliament & Council Takes 1.5-2 years, is no decision for single Member State Allocation rules Historical grandfathering was a historical mistake Finally admitted by EU Commission, March 2007 Proposal for 3rd Trading period: auctioning for electricity & phase-in of auctioning for industry or benchmarking for industry  exposed to global competition Benchmarking for allocation to companies Ex-ante: based on historical production, announced latest 2006 2nd historical mistake Ex-post: based on actual production, proposed by European Industryr{P:PPP3P.PPPP)PP{:3. )  7            ;    vJNew legal cases  historic production What means a historic cap?: import and export More electricity import NL from Germany  is NL then doing well? New CHP in Luxembourg  is Luxembourg doing badly? Nine new legal cases What means a historic cap?: economy is strongly recovering as we desire it to be (Lisbon strategy) Forecast of growth in central Europe, 9 legal cases European Court of Justice against EU Commission: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia (withdrew), Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria and Malta Influence historic production on allocation is perverse Solution: benchmarks linked to actual productionZ.ZtZZZpZ1Z .t c 1) 1wTrends in the trading schemesEU ETS Abandonment of historical grandfathering Tension between (phase-in of) auctioning and benchmarking, threat it will be based on historical production RGGI with only electricity: partial or full auctioning WCI, Australia, New Zealand No historical grandfathering, auctioning as vision for long term Benchmarking in the mean time, with a total cap Canada: benchmarking without total cap Japan: certainly no auctioning and no cap per companyjSq]Sq] x\Conclusion  for a faster global carbon market!y1Let us foster innovation and global participation| Thanks for your attention ! Questions ? Vianney.Schyns@usgbv.com References: r(RC )(FX 0+CGX 0Sz-SAppendix EU Commission High Level Group Competitiveness, Energy and the EnvironmentTT T Clear advice HLG CEE  6/HLG Competitiveness, Energy and the Environment00 0 RHigh Level Group CEE members Commissioners Verheugen, Kroes, Piebalgs and Dimas + representatives industry, NGOs and others The HLG CEE advice for EU ETS on 2 June 2006 EU Commission & Member States to undertake (for implementation in 2nd period, but this failed) Stronger signal towards low carbon technologies Competitiveness, reduce impact electricity windfall profits Level playing field for new investments across EU How can rules, notably for new entrants and closure, be more harmonised, incl. the possibility of using a benchmarking approach HLG CEE 30 October 2006 confirmed statements above HLG CEE: final conference 27 November 2007  Towards a global low carbon economy Z_Z-Z_ZZZ_-B    W:Appendix Present political situation in the European Union;; ; Historical grandfathering historical mistake Lowering production, no benefit for environment Industry wants benchmarks no (partial) auctioning Leakage danger underestimated Border Adjustments: not feasible in practice@Ea  u\Historical grandfathering historical mistake(/ EU Commission came with a proposal for revised EU ETS Directive in January 2008, then co-decision EU Parliament & Council Takes 1.5-2 years, is no decision for single Member State Allocation rules Historical grandfathering was a historical mistake Finally admitted by EU Commission, March 2007 Proposal for 3rd Trading period: auctioning for electricity & phase-in of auctioning for industry or benchmarking for industry  exposed to global competition Benchmarking for allocation to companies Ex-ante: based on historical production, announced latest 2006 2nd historical mistake Ex-post: based on actual production, proposed by European Industryr{P:PPP3P.PPPP)PP{:3. )  7            ;    R*Lowering production &    Lowering Production is no Benefit for the Environment, says European Industry Paper Alliance-Cefic-IFIEC, 21 May 2007 EU Commission declared end 2006 Lowering production and selling freed allowances is equally legitimate than investing in emissions reductions and selling freed allowances European Industry recalled founding father J.H. Dales (1968):  Pollution in one region must never be reduced by increasing pollution in another Ex-ante allocation root cause of many distortions Call for link to actual production Italian representatives EU ETS review:  intra-period updates P(!?P( f?    N XfAuctioning seems ideal facts tell different story$43 &1st trading period, 12/ton CO2 Higher electricity cost: 2,750 mln MWh x 5/MWh ~ 14 billion/year Cost of allowances: ~ zero (EU as a whole) Economic rents electricity: ~ 14 billion/year 2nd trading period, 30/ton CO2, electricity typically 25% short Higher electricity cost: 3,000 mln MWh x 21/MWh ~ 63 billion/year Cost of allowances: 25% x 1,250 Mton x 30/ton ~ 9 billion/year Economic rents electricity: ~ 54 billion/year 3rd trading period, 35/ton CO2, assume full auctioning Higher electricity cost: 3,300 mln MWh x 25/MWh ~ 82 billion/year Cost of allowances: 100% x 1,070 Mton x 35/ton ~ 37 billion/year Economic rents electricity: ~ 45 billion/year Auction revenues only 45% of total economic effect Auctioning reduces economic rents with only 17%<!ZZBZZ9ZZdZ  1"&5 "      2"B1 " $$("(,,, ,,,, ,,,, ,,,2,,0"0C4428"8<<"d"R & 5 B 1 k C 2 eS`Benchmarks, no auctioning & solution  windfalls 11 1 Industry is against auctioning 3rd trading period Auctioning electricity Electricity prices remain high industry pays 40% of this bill / bad for competitiveness / leakage Full auctioning 3rd period: windfalls still high (IFIEC paper 23 Nov 07) Auctioning industry At stake 27 billion/year at 35/ton Bad for competitiveness,  leakage : production & investment relocation Total loss of competitiveness European Industry ~ 60 billion/year, which is ~ 50% of EU Budget Alliance, Cefic, IFIEC, ECRN call for benchmarks and solution electricity windfall profits (letter European industry 16 Nov 07) f2ob    fV6 fo01     1 YLeakage danger underestimated  Leakage analyses show serious flaws Assumption low CO2-price, e.g. 20/ton Assumption  only few sub-sectors exposed to global competition most sectors affected Assumption electricity  not exposed industry pays 40% of bill Detrimental for especially aluminium, electrolysis, etc. Assumption (prosperous) recent added value no guarantee for the long period to 2020 Assumption added value hardly relevant relevant is trade-off direct + indirect CO2-cost against transportation in Europe $9$ VY9'   Z,Border Adjustments: not feasible in practice, RBorder adjustments Border obligation for only most CO2-intensive part of each sector  e.g. clinker for cement, blast furnace steel for steel, crackers for petrochemical industry no remedy for value chain optimisations Thousands of products affected, example chemicals and polymers until their application in final consumer goods (cars, electronic equipment, etc.) Import: buy allowances how much, how many products? Export: refund of allowances how much, how many products? Results Hole in the total cap! Huge bureaucracy, can never be effective @"9/6) )\Appendix Benchmarking  b`,Benchmark with ex-post + guarantee total cap-- - dace kBRecent legal casetGermany against EU Commission (judged 7 Nov 2007) Germany contested the prohibition of the EU Commission to apply ex-post adjustments (also in 1st & 2nd guidance note) Germany asserted that the whole Directive  also art. 10 and Annex III  does not forbid ex-post, provided total cap ensured Court of First Instance fully confirmed German case Findings of the Court a.o.:  & , neither the incentive for operators to reduce their emissions nor the certainty in respect of investments made for this purpose is affected by the ex-post adjustments, quite the reverse. (para 128)  The Commission was wrong in asserting at the hearing that this recital [20] did no more than  record a desirable future effect & only a  subordinate objective &  whether the ex-post adjustments at issue are compatible with & recital 20 & the Directive  will encourage the use of more energy-efficient technologies & producing less emissions per unit of output. (para 139) 2ZDZDZZ ^     += '$#  TUJNew legal cases  historic production What means a historic cap?: import and export More electricity import NL from Germany  is NL then doing well? New CHP in Luxembourg  is Luxembourg doing badly? Nine new legal cases What means a historic cap?: economy is strongly recovering as we desire it to be (Lisbon strategy) Forecast of growth in central Europe, 9 legal cases European Court of Justice against EU Commission: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia (withdrew), Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria and Malta Influence historic production on allocation is perverse Solution: benchmarks linked to actual productionZ.ZtZZZpZ1Z .t c 1) 1MBenchmarks with ex-post  Few benchmarks provide high coverage E.g. electricity, cement, refineries, steamcrackers, etc. Real benchmarking is easier that often assumed Output related, same BM for incumbents & new entrants Benchmarks with link to actual production, solution for: Leakage, level playing field, no insecurity for new entrants, no transfer rules, no windfall profits, free market without cartel problem Works as effective as auctioning European Industry at ETS Directive review meeting How to ensure total cap How it works in the electricity market%:/692?%:/692  ?  [XSetting total cap 2013-2020  effectiveness -+Total cap may appear to be too stringent Renewables behind target, higher economic growth than expected, etc. very high CO2-price Total cap may appear to be too soft Reverse of possible causes above very low CO2-price Ex-ante frozen allocation not effective Solution Contingency reserve if cap too stringent for example 100 Mton No loser benchmarks if cap too soft Can be done in any allocation system Target is to maintain a realistic CO2-price to ensure a robust and predictable EU ETS for companies to reduce emissionsh)[$5(  x )E$! (   )m SDn F \ fg j6References: &7 )(0  ' EX 0 4  Climate change challenges and the search for a sustainable policy , 21 June 2005, 8th International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Utilisation (ICCDU-VIII) 20-23 June 2005, Oslo, Norway.  Options and consequences for the allocation of allowances to electricity producers , 21 December 2005, European Chemical Region Network (ECRN) presidium meeting 21-22 December 2005, Maastricht, the Netherlands.  Towards a simple, robust and predictable EU Emissions Trading Scheme  Benchmarks from concept to practice , 21 March 2006, presented to the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs.  The EU ETS is urgently in need of: effectiveness, level playing field, competitiveness, fair & free competition , 4th Congress of the ECRN, 10 November 2006, Tarragona, Spain, including:  One single benchmark for fossil-fuelled electricity in an Emissions Trading Scheme: does it work, does it hurt and what about alternatives? .  How to fit benchmarks with ex-post adjustments in the present EU Emissions Trading Directive .  Auctioning for electricity seems ideal  but the facts tell a different story , by Annette Loske (VIK - Germany) and Vianney Schyns  Interpretation outcome legal case Germany against EU Commission concerning ex-post adjustments , by Jan Berends (Royal DSM) and Vianney SchynsPPPAyRjGsI`  /L   P   0` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@|? " dd@  =" go n?" dd   @@``PR      ` p> >   JB (     `xaxa1 ?  T Click to edit Master title style! !@  Z菒xaxa1 ?j*  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     SXB  08c?j{jXB  08c?00p  HA1?V~   HA1?"}Nn   c $A ? "`@ < X   C "A ??USG1"`pB   00 "^T    Z*   0 "^x(  Z*B  s *@޽h ? ̙33  dsmte 0 ZRP (  @  Zf%xaxa1 ?B, % RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     Sp  01 ?usR %B  s *9g ? a(80___PPT10. Z  `0( X B  s *9g ? a(80___PPT10.  0   x(  r  S x+%/F2 % r  S P,%  % L  H$1?e F t pVianney Schyns Manager Climate & Energy Efficiency Utility Support Group Utility provider for a.o. DSM and SABICqq q hh88H  0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.@J;l+D=' $= @B +  0 ` <(  ~  s *%wj  % LB  c $DQQ LB  c $D Q   <|(Qp .Benchmark: Specific energy use or CO2 emission8/0 $   / RB  s *D  <P% m  R20120     <X% v N  R20170      <T%  R20220      <ī% sL R20270   XB   0D>S    <x%0  fBenchmark EU-Japan$0 f  ^B   6DԔ    <8% GY  Transition period (with 3 or more BMs for same product) avoids high cost in case of auctioning for regions with higher emissions per unit of product (vital: BMs without differentiation new/old plants)0     <L%  R20320     <%ma - DIncentive low carbon technologies the same in global trading scheme$E0 E E   <|%  R20080   XB  0D>"s% XB  0D>mJ RB  s *D)S    <%  hBenchmark USA-Canada$0 f    <%(q iBenchmark China-India$0 f    <%U  dGlobal benchmark$0 f    Hl%1?N / s#Model proposed by European Industry$$hh88H  0@޽h ? 33___PPT10i.rлl+D=' $= @B +}  0  $(  r  S %  % r  S %j* % H  0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.k4+D=' $= @B +}  0  $(  r  S %  % r  S X%j* % H  0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.Qj@+D=' $= @B +  0  3W(  r  S     x  c $L jw*   % I 3 #"&nEnI    B0 1?S I MYes   B$6 1?{ S LNo   B? 1? {  ,Performance-based cap & trade (novel method)"-   B`J 1?S I  LNo   BX 1?{  S  LNo   Ba 1? {  j"Performance-based, with benchmarks##    Bj 1?S I  S Yes or no      B t 1?{ S  LNo    B`} 1? {   R Auctioning      B 1?SI  MYes    B 1?{ S  MYes   BԒ 1?{  aHistorical grandfathering   B 1?SI U Total cap     B< 1?{ S [Cap per company   B( 1?{  PMethod `B  0o ?IZB  s *1 ?IZB  s *1 ? I ZB  s *1 ? I ZB  s *1 ? I `B  0o ?I`B  0o ?ZB  s *1 ?{ { ZB  s *1 ?SS`B  0o ?IIH  0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.kp+D=' $= @B +}  0  $(  r  S l    r  S ` j*   H  0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.k`1(+D=' $= @B +}  0  $(  r  S @    r  S  j*   H  0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.k +4+D=' $= @B +}  0  $(  r  S <    r  S = j*   H  0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.kp<+D=' $= @B +}  0  $(  r  S h    r  S  j*   H  0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.kp.+D=' $= @B +  0  0(  x  c $Y    x  c $\ jw*   H  0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.P+D=' $= @B +  0 `  0(   x   c $p    x   c $q jw*   H   0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.p@R+D=' $= @B +}  0  ($(  (r ( S     r ( S  j*   H ( 0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.kNӾ+D=' $= @B +  0  "L,6(  ,r , S      @ L, #"&bbb@   , BH 1? @ V  , B( 1? @ r*Likely for EU, USA, Australia, New Zealand++  , B 1?w @ JNo   , B 1? w@ 2Performance-based cap & trade, regional benchmarks,3   , BȾ 1?N   r*Main sectors of China, India, Brazil, etc.++  , B 1? N   V  , B 1?wN  JNo   , B 1?N w  1Performance-based allocation, regional benchmarks,2    , B f1?N  {3Unlikely globally, regional efficiency differences 44  , B8 f1? N  i!Leakage & loss of competitiveness""  , B f1?w N  JNo   , B f1?wN  R Auctioning     , B f1? V   , B f1?  V   , B f1?w  `Yes, perverse incentives   , B f1?w aHistorical grandfathering  , B|/ 1? T No total cap    , Bd* 1?  Q Total cap    , BA 1?w  WCap per company  , BJ 1?w NMethod `B , 0o ?ZB , s *1 ?ZB , s *1 ?ZB , s *1 ?N N ZB , s *1 ?  `B , 0o ?@@`B , 0o ?@ZB  , s *1 ?ww@ZB !, s *1 ?  @ZB ", s *1 ?@`B #, 0o ?@H , 0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.k_+D=' $= @B +$  0  <$(  <r < S '    r < S p j*   H < 0@޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.k]} 0 D$(  Dr D S ``     r D S 8a c     H D 0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.uw+D=' $= @B +}  0 |$(  |r | S  ,   r | S l j*   H | 0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.{"+D=' $= @B + 0  <0(  <x < c ${ t   x < c $| f   H < 0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.uw+D=' $= @B +  0  0(  x  c $    x  c $Ȏ jw*   H  0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.P+D=' $= @B +  0  0(  x  c $    x  c $ j*   H  0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.L!lo+D=' $= @B +  0  D0(  Dx D c $`    x D c $ j*   H D 0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.[@H̍+D=' $= @B +  0 @ 0(  x  c $8    x  c $ j*   H  0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.L!lo+D=' $= @B +$  0  H$(  Hr H S     r H S , j*   H H 0@޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.4V'$  0  L$(  Lr L S     r L S  j*   H L 0@޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.4fK!  0L0  ` `(  `x ` c $    H ` 0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.uw+D=' $= @B +Z  0L0 Y Q (     `4 xaxa1 ?w eKey principle of benchmarking    Z xaxa1 ?4 ;`XP___PPT92*  What a CEO wants to know? He wants to know  e.g. with cost-price: Where his plants stand?; then Why? + What can be done about it? He refuses notions like  We are the best in the peer group of our [obsolete] technology, or in our [small] scale, or in our plant vintage (many corrections make everyone equal) Key principle: benchmarks relate The product & with the objective function  CO2 in the EU ETS Deviations shall be possible, but temporary and aimed to avoid leakage outside EU (& objective function) Example: energy efficiency as objective function can avoid leakage by switch to gas and shipping of carbon-rich fuels outside EUP*PAPP!PPPP*A! k  H  0@޽h ? 33___PPT10i.+D=' $= @B +   0  8(  x  c $       0e0eA1 ?>     < 1?V  6 Automatic adjustments within an ex-ante agreed total cap More stringent benchmarks work exactly like auctioning (& cap & trade) System is self-adjusting; virtually no interest costs29  hh88H  0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.q G+D=' $= @B +O 0L0 NF` (  f  0"`#c    ` xaxa1 ? v.Benchmark takes account of all energy carriers// /   <0 1?mU p  uProduction plant   hh88^B  6Do?2V2  H A 1?2 gFeeds  hh88^B  6DԔ?p F   HhK 1?   gSteam  hh88   HL 1?( 7  |Natural gas ? Other fuel ?  hh88   H,^ 1?   m Electricity   hh88^B   6DԔ?]l   Hi 1?Ad q CO2 ?0   hh88^B   6DԔp ?? ^B  6DԔp  ^B  6Do?2 2  <m 2  X Product(s) 0    J  <p 1?#Iu  Many energy functions can be done either with: Steam, or Electricity, or Natural gas or other fuel Benchmark takes this into account: Normalised calculation to (total) primary energy  or total CO2 Benchmark for only fuel  direct emissions  is meaningless 07%h#6 =  hh88  <w 8  AExamples: chemical plants, refineries, cement, paper plants, etc.B0 BA H  0@޽h ? 33___PPT10i.rY+D=' $= @B + 0L0  (     ` xaxa1 ? v.Benchmark takes account of all energy carriers// /   < 1?"  %Furnaces with heat recovery to steam&& & hh88^B  6Do? s$   Hp 1?sqm  gFeeds  hh88^B  6DԔ? C   H 1? pv  xMethane from feedstock  hh88^B  6DԔ?   HĴ 1? CO20   hh88^B   6Do?] ]    <T 1? k  'Separations with high power compressors(( ( hh88XB   0DԔ? C XB   0DԔ?C  C   H 1?zt 'Example steamcracker, simplified scheme(( ( hh88  H 1? ^n w2/3 of the investment  hh88^B @ 6Do?Z}j  H 1? iSeparation train can be: Efficient, with net-export of steam of whole cracker Inefficient, steam import Both can be with the same direct emission of the cracker itselfj%$2%0#  hh88  <    s%(ethane, LPG, naphta, gas oil, etc.) &0 & &   0 6 @ 6Power train can be: Steam turbine driven Electric motor driven Combinations High influence on electricity & steam balance, direct emissions elsewherel0 ;5 L0 k  ^B  6Do?] }-]   <  m  i(ethylene, propylene, etc.)0     <H   VProducts 0    RB  s *DԔ=``RB  s *DԔ=` =XB  0DԔ=   < ue I \Steam recovery0   XB  0DԔ ^B  6DԔ rr   <   Y Electricity 0      <  Zh  SSteam0   H  0@޽h ? 33___PPT10i.0;+D=' $= @B +  0L0   @ p (  f  0"`/' lb  Z0 xaxa1 ?jD,xph___PPT9JB XBenchmark data of plants under the scheme (now EU) Benchmark between average & best performance, e.g. Benchmark = WAE  CF x (WAE  BP) WAE = Weighted Average Efficiency CF = Compliance Factor, to comply with total cap BP = proven Best Practice, proven means actual measured operational data (or rather BP Group, for extra stimulation of innovation) Formula coincides with EU ETS Directive Annex III (3), average emissions and achievable progress for each activity Industry opposes following alternative Related only to BP (BP + X%)  too short allocation, contra-incentive to improve BP, effectiveness & innovationL3U% <"$ <$ t (p3.""6    x  s'5; f  01"`dgp   `,! xaxa1 ?wDb bSuitable benchmark formula  H  0@޽h ? 33___PPT10i.PƗ+D='  = @B + 0L0  (     `& xaxa1 ?wH o'Benchmarks in a direct emissions scheme(( (   BH5 1?* &Allocation = direct emission  emission {total plant  total BM} XB   B hh88  <E 1?.  uProduction plant   hh88^B  6Do?~/  H0U 1?~}v gFeeds  hh88^B  6DԔ?    H_ 1?u \  gSteam  hh88   H a 1?  yNatural gas Other fuels  hh88   Hr 1?y r `  m Electricity   hh88^B   6DԔ?   Hh~ 1? CO20   hh88^B   6DԔ i ^B  6DԔ lli ^B  6Do? f   <h v t v X Product(s) 0      Hć 1?Y @ #Site utilities have also benchmarks$$ $ hh88  <` 1?'  Example 1: Net-import of secondary energy carriers: 70  {120  100} = 50 Plant worse than benchmark )%P )1 h hh88  <ȕ 1?S '   tExample 2: 70  {90  100} = 80 Plant better than benchmark See formula in ANNEX P      T hh88l  6>"`2pl  6>"` P H  0@޽h ? 33___PPT10i. ;{+D='  = @B +  0L0  w @  (  f  0"`T   ` xaxa1 ? o'Benchmarks in a direct emissions scheme(( (   Z xaxa1 ?eIv|t___PPT9VN Easy inclusion in an ETS No conceptual problem in a direct scheme and no legal problem with Directive, on the contrary Allowances according to deviation with benchmark In formula: A = RDE + RSE   production x (REE/RCE  benchmark) x CCF RDE = Realised Direct Emission (ton CO2) RSE = Realised Sequestered Emissions (ton CO2) REE/RCE = Realised Energy Efficiency (GJ/ton product) or Realised CO2 Efficiency (ton CO2/ton product) Benchmark = benchmark energy (or CO2) efficiency CCF = CO2 Conversion Factor (= 1.0 in case of CO2-benchmark) Note: Process emission is in this view included in the Best Practice^1 ;-$  E^1   ")& . F  1  '  E2  l  6jJ"`7 H  0@޽h ? 33___PPT10i.0w+D='  = @B +}  0 $(  r  S `    r  S 8 a,,   H  0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.+D='  = @B +N 0L0 ME` (  X  0A? f  <  } v&Quality of historic data for operators '0 ' '   0 z  cVariations in annual load factors over five years, found in UK by consultant NERA for UK government"d0 d d x  C PA8Energy for a changing world mG"  <  f& with climate change instruments based on history? 40 4 4   < 1?#f 2Historic production tells nothing about the future*32 3 hh88x  <l 1?  rLink to actual production: Avoids distortions Avoids windfall profits Solves problems new entrants and closuresNXW s hh88H  0@޽h ? 33___PPT10i.}+D='  = @B +  0   0(   x   c $    x   c $L jw*   H   0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.p@R+D='  = @B +}  0 $(  r  S (    r  S ) j*   H  0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.f?+D='  = @B +  0 @ X0(  Xx X c $$/    x X c $/ j*   H X 0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.j6/+D='  = @B + 0L0  Q(      `? xaxa1 ?< y1Benchmarking same effectiveness as auctioning (1)22 2   ZF xaxa1 ?fx___PPT9ZR bIncentive to reduce emissions is independent of the exact value of benchmark in a certain year Incentive = avoided purchases + sales of allowances Example: Investment to reduce emissions from 900 to 600 kg CO2 per unit of product (in old plant or new plant) Year 1, BM = 750: incentive = 150 + 150 = 300 Year n, BM = 700: incentive = 200 + 100 = 300 "_6  f^ " !   4 4   1 ] c IEEMM  <Hb  > L Predictability of investment climate.'0 & ' H  0@޽h ? 33___PPT10i.0V+D='  = @B +2 0L0 1) (      `j xaxa1 ?< y1Benchmarking same effectiveness as auctioning (2)22 2 x  ZX xaxa1 ?R,___PPT9|t <Same benchmarks for incumbents and new plants Recognised by EU Commission Avoids Distorting transfer rules Barriers to entry Enhanced market concentration Ensures Equal incentive for plant improvement & plant replacement No  maximisation or  minimisation rules, see e.g. Matthes (NL 110% and 85% now) ^/J$ % :$ t/J  :t   X H  0@޽h ? 33___PPT10i.p+D='  = @B +  0  0(  x  c $L    x  c $$ j*   H  0@޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.{RYR+D='  = @B +(R 0 0  8(   d   c $usR     s *$ B,   "H   09g ? a(80___PPT10.P(S 0 P 8(  d  c $usR    s * B,   "H  09g ? a(80___PPT10.P(T 0 p 8(  d  c $usR    s *ܩ B,   "H  09g ? a(80___PPT10.P(U 0  $8(  $d $ c $usR   $ s * B,   "H $ 09g ? a(80___PPT10.P 0 0 P (  PX P C usR  % P S o%B,  % "H P 09g ? a(80___PPT10.4 T([ 0 P \8(  \d \ c $usR   \ s * B,   "H \ 09g ? a(80___PPT10.P(\ 0 p d8(  dd d c $usR   d s *ع B,   "H d 09g ? a(80___PPT10.(` 0  8(  d  c $usR    s * B,   "H  09g ? a(80___PPT10.P(a 0  8(  d  c $usR    s * B,   "H  09g ? a(80___PPT10.(b 0 0 8(  d  c $usR    s * B,   "H  09g ? a(80___PPT10.(c 0 P 8(  d  c $usR    s * B,   "H  09g ? a(80___PPT10.(d 0 p 8(  d  c $usR    s * B,   "H  09g ? a(80___PPT10.P(e 0  8(  d  c $usR    s * B,   "H  09g ? a(80___PPT10.P(f 0  8(  d  c $usR    s * B,   "H  09g ? a(80___PPT10.P(g 0  8(  d  c $usR    s * B,   "H  09g ? a(80___PPT10.P(j 0 0 8(  d  c $usR    s * B,   "H  09g ? a(80___PPT10.(k 0 P 8(  d  c $usR    s * B,   "H  09g ? a(80___PPT10.(l 0 p 8(  d  c $usR    s * B,   "H  09g ? a(80___PPT10.(t 0   8(   d   c $usR     s * B,   "H   09g ? a(80___PPT10.P(u 0 0 8(  d  c $usR    s * B,   "H  09g ? a(80___PPT10.P(v 0 p $8(  $d $ c $usR   $ s * B,   "H $ 09g ? a(80___PPT10.Px] `K?7}$4ֺFV>6!ӪQxM[TU৬JkU 5MU\Ff^aa3Äf2b7чe~sϹ==۞:?z"9 #$I[0i+<re̛@m' \.%m݁|k@`k' :(t ;;!Z]݀{zR;^H`P (>hSM3GN# * cwCX BQJҬ bxV7 AH2p!}ƦDU&dhBw}cy[ϱ3PM ݍׁϛ5m>e`j yXϰ>SӦP]@ H:|zs8-bIhYx

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